Question 16 is based on the recording you have just heard.

Recording One

听力原文

    Teachers and students alike have experienced the curious paradox that beginners, as a rule, tend to think too little about what they are doing, because they think too much about what they are doing. (16) Take, for example, people who are learning to play basketball or the piano. They have to give so much thought and attention to the low-level mechanics of handling the ball, or fingering the keys, or reading the music, that they are unable to give any thought to the thing that matters—the game or the music respectively.

    (16) With experts, it’s just the other way around. They’re open to the tactical possibilities and the musical challenges precisely because they’re freed through skill from the need to pay attention to the low-level details of how to play. Indeed, when the expert pays attention to the mechanics, this is liable to disrupt performance. This has led some to say that the expert operates in a zone ‘beyond thought’, in a state of flow. But this is misleading. Expert performance is not beyond thought. (17) Smart basketball players or skilled musicians need to pay close attention to the demands of high performance—to the challenges to be overcome.

    What they don’t need to do, what would be a distraction, is to have to think about where their fingers are or how to control the ball while running. It’s not mechanics, but the play itself that absorbs the experts’ intelligence.

     (18) A nice video published online last month sheds light on expertise and the conscious mind. The video reports a new study using an eye-tracking device. It turns out that the less skilled pianist spends more time looking at her fingers than does the expert who, in contrast, is more likely to be looking at the sheet music or looking ahead at keys he’s not yet playing. In general, the expert’s gaze was calmer and more stable. (18) This is not a surprising finding. It supports what we might almost think of as conventional wisdom. But it’s remarkable for all that, nonetheless. The eye tracker gives expert and learning performers a glimpse into what they do without thinking about it. The topic of the nature of skill and the differences between beginners and experts has been one of considerable discussion in cognitive science and philosophy.

16. What does the speaker say about beginners and expert pianists?

解析：B。录音开头阐述了初学者和钢琴大师的区别。初学者把注意力集中在指法和识谱上，而无法去思考音乐本身；而钢琴大师则会把注意力放在音乐的演奏上，因为他们已经不需要再关注如何弹奏这类低层次的技术细节。由此可知，初学者和钢琴大师的关注点不同，因此选B。该部分将篮球与钢琴并列举例，要注意辨别论述钢琴的部分。