In the beginning of the movie I, Robot, a robot has to decide whom to save after two cars plunge into the water—Del Spooner or a child. Even though Spooner screams “Save her! Save her!” the robot rescues him because it calculates that he has a 45 percent chance of survival compared to Sarah’s 11 percent. The robots decision and its calculated approach raise an important question: would humans make the same choice and which choice would we want our robotic counterparts to make?

    Isaac Asimov evaded the whole notion of morality in devising his three laws of robotics, which hold that I. robots cannot harm humans or allow humans to come to harm; 2. Robots must obey preservation, unless doing so conflicts with laws 1 or 2. These laws are programmed into Asimov’s robots—they don’t have to think, judge, or value. They don’t have to like humans or believe that hurting them is wrong or bad. They simply don’t do it.

    The robot who rescues Spooner’s life in I, Robot follows Asimov’s zeroth law: robots cannot harm humanity (as opposed to individual humans or allow humanity to come to harm—an expansion of the first law that allows robots to determine what’s in the greater good. Under the first law. A robot could not harm a dangerous gunman, but under the zeroth law, a robot could kill the gunman to save others.

    Whether it’s possible to program a robot with safeguards such as Asimov’s laws is debatable. A word such as “harm” is vague (what about emotional harm? Is replacing a human employee harm?), and abstract concepts present coding problems. The robots in Asimov’s fiction exposes complications and loopholes in the three laws, and even when the laws work, robots still have to assess situations.

    Assessing situations can be complicated. A robot has to identify the players, conditions, and possible outcomes for various scenarios. It’s doubtful that a computer program can do that-at least, not without some undesirable results. A roboticist at the Bristol robotics laboratory programmed a robot to save human proxies (替身) called “H-bots” from danger. When one H-bot of headed for danger, the robot successfully pushed it out the way. But when two H-bots became imperiled, the robot choked 42 percent of the time, unable to decide which to save and letting them both “die.” The experiment highlights the importance of morality. How can a robot decide whom to save or what’s best for humanity, especially if it can’t calculate survival odds?

48. B）They are programmed not to hurt human beings.

解析：首先在题目中找到定位词the author say about和Asimov’s robots，然后回原文定位至第2段。B）他们被程序设置为不伤害人类，与第2段介绍的第一定律相符，故正确；A）他们知道什么对人类是好或坏，我们可以从第2段最后一句得出，机器人不必思考、判断或重视什么。他们不需要喜欢人类，也不需要认为伤害他们是错误的或不好的，故A选项错误；C）他们根据主人的最大利益行动，而从原文提到的零定律来看，机器人会为全人类着想，故不符合原文表述，错误；D）当涉及道德问题时，他们停止工作，机器人本身被设计时并没有考虑道德问题，故错误。