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Sigmund Freud has been out of the scientific mainstream for so long, it's easy to forget that in the early-20th century he was regarded as a towering man of science—not, as he is remembered today, as the founder of the marginalized form of therapy known as psychoanalysis.At the start of his career, he wanted to invent a "science of the mind", but the Victorian tools he had were too blunt for the task.So he dropped the"science" part and had his patients lie on a couch, free-associating about childhood, dreams and fantasies.
This technique yielded the revolutionary notion that the human mind was a soap opera of concealed lust and aggression, of dark motives, self-deception and dreams rife with hidden meaning.The problem was, Freud had lots of anecdotes but almost no empirical data.With the invention of tools like the PET scan that can map the neurological activity inside a living brain, scientists discounted the windy speculations of psychoanalysis and dismissed Freud himself as the first media-savvy self-help master.
But a funny thing happened to Freud on the way to becoming a trivia question:as researchers looked deeper into the physical structure of the brain, they began to find support for some of his theories.Now a small but influential group of researchers are using his insights as a guide to future research;they even have a journal,Neuro-psychoanalysis, founded three years ago."Freud's insights on the nature of consciousness are consonant with the most advanced contemporary neuroscience views", wrote Antonio Damasio, head of neurology at the University of Iowa College of Medicine.
Beyond the basic animal instincts to seek food and avoid pain, Freud identified two sources of psychic energy, which he called "drives":aggression and libido.The key to his theory is that these were unconscious drives, shaping our behavior without the mediation of our waking minds;they surface, heavily disguised, only in our dreams.The work of the past half-century in psychology and neuroscience has been to downplay the role of unconscious universal drives, focusing instead on rational processes in conscious life.Meanwhile, dreams were downgraded to a kind of mental static, random scraps of memory flickering through the sleeping brain.But researchers have found evidence that Freud's drives really do exist, and they have their roots in the limbic system.Freud presaged this finding in 1915, when he wrote that drives originate "from within the organism" in response to demands placed on the mind "in consequence of its connection with the body".Drives, in other words, are primitive brain circuits that control how we respond to our environment.
From the first paragraph, we can learn that
A
B
C
D
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答案:
解析:
:文章第一段提到,弗洛伊德在早期职业生涯中想要创造一门“心灵科学”,但是他所拥有的维多利亚时代的工具对于这项任务来说太过粗糙。因此,可以得出结论,早期科研手段的不足阻碍了弗洛伊德的研究,选项B正确。
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原创
本文链接:From the first paragraph, we can learn that
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